Vergleichende Untersuchung zwischen der nationalen Umsetzung der “EU Clinical Trials Directive” und dem Verbesserungspotenzial durch die „EU Clinical Trials Regulation“ – eine Analyse der europäischen und nationalen Gesetze sowie durchgeführter klinischer Prüfungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung vulnerabler Patientengruppen
Die im Detail unterschiedlichen Umsetzungen der CTD in den EU-Staaten lassen sich überwiegend anhand politischer und gesellschaftlich-kultureller Einflüsse erklären. Eine vermutete Korrelation zwischen dem „Liberalitätsgrad“ des nationalen Gesetzes und der Häufigkeit der in dem jeweiligen EU-Staat durchgeführten klinischen Prüfungen konnte nur zum Teil bestätigt werden. Die Auswahl der EU-Staaten als Durchführungsort für eine klinische Prüfung orientierte sich in der Vergangenheit weniger an den gesetzlichen Voraussetzungen, sondern eher an Erfahrungswerten und finanziellen Erwägungen. Die in Voruntersuchungen benannten Defizite der CTD und ihrer nationalen Umsetzung haben sich bestätigt. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick auf mögliche Verbesserungen der 2014 verabschiedeten und in Kraft getretenen „Clinical Trials Regulation“ (CTR) gegeben, welche voraussichtlich Ende 2021 wirksam werden wird.
Deviating from the basic requirement of an informed consent given for participation of a person in a clinical trial on medicinal products, persons incapable of giving informed consent (so-called vulnerable persons) may also be clinical trial participants under special conditions. This includes, in particular, minors due to their age and adults who are temporarily – e.g. an acute situation – or permanently incapable of giving consent due to their state of health. For a long time, no systematic and uniform guidelines for clinical trials existed in the European Union (EU). This was aimed to be changed by the Clinical Trials Directive (CTD) issued in 2001. Although this European law intended harmonization of all legal regulations on clinical trials applicable in the EU, at the same time, it allowed deviations in national implementations by means of opening clauses and aspects left unregulated. These deviations in national implementation were examined qualitatively and quantitatively by a systematic analysis in 16 EU member states and a retrospective database evaluation of a European clinical trial registry (EU-CTR) for an observation period of ten years. Based on the analysis, a predominantly homogeneous picture emerged initially, as all member state laws provided regulations for the participation of minors and permanently incapacitated adults. The differences between the EU member states only become apparent in a more detailed examination. Concerning clinical trials with temporarily incapacitated adults (emergency patients), the results are particularly heterogeneous, especially in view of the fact that the CTD has left this aspect completely unregulated and only some member states have created own specific regulations on this issue. By comparative examination of frequently recurring characteristics, a classification of member states into those with "strict", "neutral" and "liberal" legislation was made. The database analysis yielded a clearer result, with some EU member states (Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy) having the highest frequency of clinical trials. The different vulnerable patient groups showed rather minimal variations. Individual variables of clinical trial coverage were examined in more detail, revealing interesting insights into the classification of study populations.
The detailed differences regarding the implementation of the CTD in the national laws of EU member states can be explained mainly by political and socio-cultural factors. A presumed correlation between the "degree of liberality" of the national law and the frequency of clinical trials conducted in the respective member state could only be partially confirmed. In the past, the selection of member states as locations for the conduction of clinical trials was based rather less on legal requirements, but even more on empirical values and financial considerations. The deficits of the CTD and its national implementation, which have been identified in preliminary studies, could be confirmed. Finally, an outlook is given on possible improvements after the "Clinical Trials Regulation" (CTR), which has been adopted and entered into force in 2014, will become effective – presumably at the end of 2021.