Heparan sulfates as regulators of articular cartilage integrity and cell-matrix interactions
In einer früheren Studie wurde gezeigt, dass Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl, Col2- Cre;Ndst1fl/fl und Ndst1+/- Mäuse vor der Entwicklung von Osteoarthrose (OA) geschützt sind. In Proben von Ndst1+/- Tieren wurden verringerte Mengen von ADAMTS und MMP spezifischen Aggrecan Neo-Epitopen sowie eine reduzierte Gelatinase-Aktivität festgestellt. Bei dem hier beschriebenen Projekt konnte eine herabgesetzte Gelatinase-Aktivität bestätigt und der Protease Mmp2 zugeordnet werden. Da die Expression von Mmp2 unverändert war, kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Aktivität der Protease auf Protein-Ebene reguliert wird. Zusätzlich zeigten vorläufige Ergebnisse außerdem eine erniedrigte Aktivität von Mmp9. Eine herabgesetzte Degradation des artikulären Knorpels durch eine geringere ProteaseAktivität ist daher wahrscheinlich einer der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen, die den Schutz der Mausmutanten hervorrufen.
A previous study demonstrated that Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl, Col2-Cre;Ndst1fl/fl and Ndst1+/- mice are protected from OA development. In samples from Ndst1+/- animals, decreased amounts of ADAMTS- and MMP-specific aggrecan neo-epitopes and a reduced gelatinase activity were detected. In the study presented here, a decreased gelatinase activity was confirmed and attributed to Mmp2. Since Mmp2 expression was unaltered, protease activity is regulated on protein rather than on expression level. Additionally, preliminary results showed that Mmp9 activity is similarly decreased. Attenuated cartilage degradation due to decreased protease activity is likely one of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect seen in these mice. The attenuated development observed in Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl, Col2-Cre;Ndst1fl/fl and Ndst1+/- mice raises the question if other mouse strains with altered HS modification patterns are also protected from OA and whether the same molecular mechanisms are involved. To answer this, Glce+/- and Hs2st1+/- mice as well as their wild type littermates were aged and analysed for signs of OA at 6m and 18m. At both stages no spontaneous development of OA could be detected. Surgical induction of OA by DMM showed that OA progression is not accelerated in Glce+/- and Hs2st1+/- mice. Still, due to the low OA scores induced by DMM a possible protective effect remains unclear. In addition to a protection from OA progression Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl animals display clusters of enlarged, morphologically distinct HS-deficient cells in the AC. These cells are surrounded by an excessive amount of matrix of aberrant composition, including an increased aggrecan content. Investigation of the mechanical properties of the ECM of Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl mice by AFM showed that the wild type-like matrix outside the clusters was slightly stiffer compared to the AC of Ext1e2fl/e2fl mice. The ECM directly surrounding the clusters displayed a massively altered quality and was outside of the measurement range. To overcome this limitation, a mouse mutant with a hypomorphic allele of Ext1 was investigated. The GP cartilage of the Ext1gt/gt mutant was softer compared to the Ext1+/+ control. The altered compressive properties of the AC may thus be another underlying cause resulting in the protective effect against OA seen in Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl animals. This leads to the question how chondrocytes sense the PG content of their surrounding matrix and how the cells react to an altered composition. Preliminary results indicated an upregulation of the integrin pathway components FAK, pFAK, pERK and MHCII in HS-deficient cells of Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl mice. This was confirmed by immunostaining against additional integrin pathway components. ItgB1, ERK and Src, were highly expressed in the clusters of mutant chondrocytes as well. To analyse the effect of an inhibited HS function on cellular processes, primary murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were treated with the HS-antagonist Surfen. This showed delayed adhesion of MEFs upon loss of HS function at early time points (0.5, 1, 2h) while the cells were able to overcome this limitation later (16h, 24h). Life cell imaging of the early adhesion process showed the formation of thin, filopodia-like membrane protrusions in an increased fraction of cells in the Surfen-treated samples. Additionally, cell migration and polarisation were reduced and the proportion of cells detaching from the plate surface increased in the presence of Surfen. The adaptor protein Paxillin and the Actin cytoskeleton were visualised. After 1h of adhesion, the proportions of MEFs forming FA and SF were reduced in presence of Surfen. The cells recovered after 24h. Together the findings point to a compensatory mechanism rescuing cell adhesion in absence of HS function. This is backed up by the finding that addition of Surfen to already adhered MEFs increases the proportion of cells forming FA and SF. These effects were not regulated by FAK, since protein level and phosphorylation status of FAK were unaltered between Surfen-treated samples and controls. Matrix composition is also monitored by other pathways besides integrin signalling. The Hippo pathway is known for mechano-sensing of substrates and is mediated through YAP. In Surfen-treated MEFs, a shift of YAP to the cytoplasm was detected after 1h and 24h of adhesion. Its localisation was not affected by the subsequent addition of Surfen to already adhered cells, showing that the translocation of YAP to the cytoplasm is adhesion dependent. Since the phosphorylation of YAP was unaltered, the shift of YAP to the cytoplasm was regulated by a phosphorylation independent mechanism.