Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in Merkel cell carcinoma
Von den getesteten klinischen Parametern zeigte der ECOG Performance Status und eine vorhandene Immunsuppression die stärkste Assoziation mit dem Ansprechen auf eine Anti-PD-1/PD-L1-Therapie. Letzteres unterstreicht die Bedeutung der Immunkontextur im MCC im Hinblick auf eine CPI-Blockade. Die Responder zeichneten sich ferner durch eine höhere TCR-Repertoire-Diversität, eine verstärkte Expression von Lymphozytenaktivierungs-genen und eine höhere Anzahl an zentralen T - Gedächtnisszellen (TCM) im Vergleich zu den Non-Respondern aus. Folglich könnte eine Vielzahl an TCM-Zellen mit diversem TCR-Repertoire für eine langfristige Antitumor-Immunantwort von Vorteil sein und als prädiktiver Marker für die CPI-Therapie bei MCC Patienten dienen.
Tumorzellen benutzen „immune escape“ Mechanismen um T-Zell-Aktivierung und -Infiltration zu verhindern, was sowohl mit einer schlechten Prognose als auch mit einem unzureichendem Ansprechen auf eine CPI-Blockade verbunden ist. In einer Fallserie zeigten MCC-Patienten, die resistent gegen eine Anti-PD-1/PD-L1-Therapie waren, eine niedrige Expression von Genen der „antigen processing machinery” und eine niedrige HLA-Klasse-I-Oberflächenexpression. Dadurch können die Tumorzellen von den T-Zellen nicht mehr erkannt und eliminiert werden. Dieser „immune escape“ Mechanismus konnte durch Verabreichung eines Histon-Deacetylase-Inhibitors (HDACi) zusätzlich zur CPI-Behandlung bei einem Patienten aufgehoben werden. Die verstärkte HLA-Klasse-I-Oberflächenexpression ging mit einer erhöhten Anzahl an TILs einher, was auf eine verbesserte antitumorale T-Zellantwort hindeutet. Darüber hinaus sind HDACi in der Lage verschiedenen T-Zell-Funktionen zu modulieren, was ihre Anwendung zur Modifizierung der T-Zell-Differenzierung in Richtung TCM-Zellen nahelegt.
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer. MCC is associated with clonal integration of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in 80% of the cases in the northern hemisphere. For the remaining virus-negative tumors chronic UV-associated exposure appears as causative factor. A fundamental characteristic of MCC is its pronounced immunogenicity caused by presentation of MCPyV-derived antigens or UV-induced neoantigens. Hence, immune modulating therapies by checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) result in durable objective responses. However, a substantial number of MCC patients show primary or secondary resistance to CPI therapy and predictive biomarkers are yet to be established. The aim of the here presented thesis was to characterize the T-cell based immune contexture in the course of MCC while scrutinizing for robust biomarkers. Biomarkers would help refine patients’ diagnosis, prognosis and treatment predictions. Moreover, insights of the immune contexture in MCC would help to improve immunotherapeutic treatment strategies by targeting immune escape mechanisms. The publications included in this thesis propose prognostic and predictive biomarkers in MCC as well as demonstrate the potential benefit of epigenetic modification for improving antitumor immune response.
Primary untreated MCC tumors demonstrated a clear association between high levels of tumor infiltrating T-cells with diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and less aggressive clinical course including a longer disease-specific survival. The magnitude of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) mirrors the integrity of the adaptive immune system. A diverse TCR repertoire may recognize a broad range of epitopes as well as compensate for reduced MHCclass I surface expression on tumor cells. Hence, quantification of TIL density together with TCR repertoire diversity may have translational relevance for MCC patients as potential prognostic markers.
Among all tested clinical parameters impaired performance status and immunosuppression showed the strongest association with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy response. The latter emphasizes the importance of the immune contexture during the course of CPI blockage for MCC. Responders were further characterized by higher TCR repertoire diversity, upregulated
expression of genes related to lymphocyte activation and increased number of central memory T cells (TCM) in comparison to nonresponders. Thus, predominance of TCM cells with diverse TCR repertoire may be beneficial for a long-term antitumor immune response and serve as predictive marker for CPI therapy in MCC.
Tumor cells exert immune escape strategies resulting in impaired T-cell activation and infiltration, linked to poor prognosis and response to CPI blockage. In a case series, MCC patients progressing under anti-PD-1/PD-L1-therapy revealed low expression of antigen processing machinery genes and low HLA class-I surface expression, making the tumor cells indiscernible for T-cells. This tumor immune escape mechanism was reversed by administration of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) in addition to CPI treatment in one patient. The increased HLA class-I surface expression was accompanied by an increased number of TILs, suggesting an improved antitumor T-cell response. Moreover, the role of HDACi in diverse T-cell related functions suggests their usage for modifying T-cell differentiation towards TCM cells.