@Misc{duepublico_mods_00027013,
  editor = 	{Debiel Prof. Dr., Tobias
		and Lambach Dr., Daniel},
  title = 	{State Failure Revisited II: Actors of Violence and Alternative Forms of Governance},
  year = 	{2007},
  number = 	{89},
  abstract = 	{This INEF report is the companion piece to ``State Failure Revisited I: Globalization
of Security and Neighborhood Effects'' (INEF Report 87/2007). While
the first working paper mainly took a structural perspective and dealt with the
global and regional level, the contributions in our new study put those actors in
the spotlight who shape national and local arenas.
Daniel Bir{\'o}'s paper on warlordism in the ``Westphalian Periphery'' reconstructs
different waves of warlord analysis (European feudalism; China at the
beginning of the 20th century; Africa in the 1990s) and evaluates the usefulness
of applying related concepts like praetorianism, organized crime, caudillismo,
and insurgency. The article challenges the dominant view that warlords are
almost exclusively driven by economic interests and instead looks at warlordism
as an alternative form of governance in contexts that are defined by ``oligopolies
of violence''. Under these circumstances, warlords impact state‐building
and may even allow for the provision of public goods. Driving factors are the
warlord's need to mobilize a minimum degree of legitimacy within local communities
or his aspiration to gain control over society. Furthermore, as Bir{\'o}
argues, warlords may hold the local population captive if humanitarian organizations
are willing to deliver social services as they can thus diversify their
modes of `resource extraction' and increase their autonomy.
Andreas Mehler and Judy Smith‐H{\"o}hn present an empirical case study on
Liberia and Sierra Leone. Which security‐relevant actors are perceived as being
able to offer protection? Who is a potential source of threat? Preliminary answers
to these guiding questions are given for Liberia, based on data collected
in 2006. It turns out that urban respondents regarded the UN Mission in Liberia
(UNMIL) as overwhelmingly important for their personal safety, followed by
the Liberia National Police (18.4{\%}). Vigilantes, area teams, and neighborhood
watches were assessed as ambivalent, being partly a source of protection but
also a source of concern. The major threats for personal security, however, obviously
stem from street boys, ex‐combatants, political party militias, and secret
societies. The contribution concludes that international engagement in security
sector reform will remain crucial. But it also argues that a clear understanding
of all relevant local players, including non‐state actors, is necessitated because
their relevance will grow as soon as external actors withdraw their personnel
and resources.},
  issn = 	{0941-4967},
  doi = 	{10.17185/duepublico/26915},
  url = 	{https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/receive/duepublico_mods_00027013},
  url = 	{https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/26915},
  file = 	{:https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00029193/report89.pdf:PDF},
  language = 	{en}
}